Bibliographic citations
Guzman, L., (2023). Epidemiología molecular de los genotipos de virulencia en cepas de Helicobacter pylori aisladas de pacientes dispépticos peruanos [Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia]. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12866/14822
Guzman, L., Epidemiología molecular de los genotipos de virulencia en cepas de Helicobacter pylori aisladas de pacientes dispépticos peruanos []. PE: Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12866/14822
@phdthesis{renati/911017,
title = "Epidemiología molecular de los genotipos de virulencia en cepas de Helicobacter pylori aisladas de pacientes dispépticos peruanos",
author = "Guzman Velasquez, Luis Jesus Junior",
publisher = "Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia",
year = "2023"
}
Introduction: Gastric adenocarcinoma is considered the seventh leading cause of death by malignancy in the Americas region. In Perú, cancerization of stomach tissue is the leading cause of mortality associated with neoplastic lesions. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a common pathogen in humans and is responsible for a variety of gastrointestinal diseases such as gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcer, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and gastric cancer. The prevalence of H. pylori infection in Peru ranges from 45% to 83%, and in the last 15 years it has not changed in the middle/high socioeconomic strata and has increased in those populations with socioeconomic deficit and lack of health services. According to the casuistry of the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases (INEN), 89.6% of cases with gastric adenocarcinoma are infected by the pathogen H. pylori. The interaction of virulence factors present in H. pylori promote molecular changes on the gastric epithelial mucosa that translate into lesions at risk of developing cancer, and it is possible that the types of precancerous lesions observed among patients with H. pylori infection in Peru are related to the molecular virulence markers present in the genome of H. pylori strains circulating in our environment, which would allow us to identify patterns of risk of gastric lesions. Pylori infection in Peru are related to molecular markers of virulence present in the genome of H. Pylori strains circulating in our environment, which would allow us to identify patterns of risk of severe gastric lesions among patients with H. pylori infection. Some genes related to virulence factors of H. pylori are associated with increased risk of neoplastic disease, such as the vacuolizing cytotoxin A (vacA) gene that encodes for the secretion of the toxigenic protein VacA, the cytotoxin A-related gene (cagA) that confers a potent proinflammatory and mitogenic activity to H. pylori, the gene associated with ulceration induced by interaction with the epithelium (iceA), and the gene babA2, for adhesion to blood group antigens, which allows the interaction of the pathogen with the epithelium-interaction-induced ulceration-associated gene (iceA) and the blood group antigen-binding gene babA2, which allow the pathogen to interact with the gastric cell surface. However, the reports of cagA gene typing are still insufficient in our environment and the detection of virulence genes related to the iceA and babA2 genes, as well as the typing and subtyping of the vacA gene have not yet been described. Therefore, it is necessary not only to know the variability and distribution of virulent strains of H. pylori in our environment but also to massively explore molecular characteristics based on the virulome and resistome of the complete genomes of H. pylori isolates and their impact on the histopathological findings of gastric epithelial mucosa in infected patients who present precancerous lesions such as intestinal metaplasia. Research questions: 1) Is the precancerous lesion intestinal metaplasia on the gastric epithelial mucosa associated with the conventional detection of the cagA(+)/vacAs1am1 genotype in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from Peruvian dyspeptic patients? 2) Is the precancerous lesion intestinal metaplasia on the gastric epithelial mucosa associated with the EPIYA-ABCC/vacAs1am1i1d1 genetic variant in the whole genome of H. pylori isolates determined by next-generation sequencing technologies from Peruvian dyspeptic patients? Methods: The data analyzed come from a primary study comprising a cohort of 500 patients with dyspepsia and cryopreserved H. pylori isolates in the biobank of the Helicobacter pylori Sentinel Laboratory of the Alexander von Humboldt Institute of Tropical Medicine (IMTAvH), enrolled, and collected between 2016 and 2017 in the Gastroenterology Service of the Cayetano Heredia Hospital. In the first investigation, the design was cross-sectional and used the records of cases with dyspepsia diagnosed for H. pylori infection and their corresponding cryopreserved isolates. Isolates from the sample bank were reactivated and their genomic DNA was extracted. In the samples, H. pylori DNA was amplified by conventional PCR for the detection of virulence factors of the pathogen. The association between disease states according to chronic non-atrophic gastritis and the presence of metaplasia-type precancerous lesions in patients with H. pylori infection against the virulence genotype cagA(+)/vacAs1am1, and using a generalized linear model with log linkage, binomial distribution and robust variance, the prevalence ratio was estimated; the association of the detection of the EPIYA-A, EPIYA-B and EPIYA-C motifs was also analyzed; s1, s2, i1, i2, d1, d2, m1, m2 and subtypes s1a, s1b and s1c of the vacA gene, alleles 1 and 2 of the iceA gene and the babA2 gene against the clinical state of intestinal metaplasia in the cases under study. In the second investigation of an exploratory type, the histopathological report of the cases with H. pylori infection and their corresponding isolated strains were used. The isolated strains were reactivated, and genomic DNA was extracted and purified. The samples were sequenced using state-of-the-art technologies and the complete genome of the isolates was obtained. The association between the virulence genetic variant EPIYA-ABCC/vacAs1am1i1d1 and the presence of intestinal metaplasia-type precancerous lesion was analyzed, the prevalence ratio was estimated using a generalized linear model with log link, binomial distribution, and robust variance; the virulome and resistome were also typed for genes related to cytotoxins, adhesion genes, immune response modulator genes and antibiotic resistance genes. Results: In the first investigation 158 cases with dyspepsia and H. pylori infection were included, 36.7% of the isolates had the cagA(+)/vacAs1am1 genotype and 38.6% of the patients had histopathological findings of intestinal metaplasia. Significant evidence was found that the prevalence of isolates with cagA(+)/vacAs1am1 genotype was 67% higher in patients with intestinal metaplasia than in patients with chronic non-atrophic gastritis (PR: 1.67; 95%CI: 1.13 to 2.45). This result was similar in the multivariate analysis after adjusting for sex and age (PRa: 1.81; 95%CI: 1.25 to 2.61; p<0.05). Significant association of the risk genotype of the variable region of the cagA gene (PR: 1.56; 95%CI: 1.02 to 2.39; p<0.05), and of the middle region (PRa: 2.22; 95%CI: 1.01 to 4.99; p<0.05) and intermediate region (PRa: 1.94; 95%CI: 1.05 to 3.58; p<0.05) of the vacA gene, against the histopathological finding of intestinal metaplasia was also observed. In the second investigation, 49 cases with dyspepsia symptoms presenting H. pylori infection were included, 12.2% of the complete genomes sequenced corresponded to the EPIYA-ABCC/vacAs1am1i1d1 genetic variant and 57.1% of the cases presented histopathological diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia. It was observed that the prevalence of the virulence genetic variant was 77% higher in patients with intestinal metaplasia compared to cases with chronic non-atrophic gastritis, the finding was significant (PRa: 1.77; 95%CI: 1.13 to 2.77; p<0.05). The adhesin genes babB/hopT (PRa: 1.19; 95%CI: 0.70 to 2.04), hopZ (PRa: 1.49; 95%CI: 0.87 to 2.56) and sabB/hopO (PRa:1.41; 95%CI: 0.91 to 2.17;) were prevalent among cases with intestinal metaplasia, but the evidence was not statistically significant. There was also significant evidence that the prevalence of macrolide-resistant H. pylori isolates was 92% higher in patients with intestinal metaplasia relative to cases with chronic non-atrophic gastritis (PRa: 1.92; 95%CI: 1.24 to 3.11; p<0.05). Conclusions: We were able to type by conventional PCR the virulence factors of H. pylori isolate from patients with dyspepsia symptoms and found evidence that the cagA(+)/vacAs1am1 genotype presents a risk effect in the development of intestinal metaplasia among patients with dyspepsia presenting with H. pylori infection. The EPIYA-C motif repeats in the variable region of the cagA gene are associated with precancerous lesions in Peruvian patients with dyspepsia, and the virulent polymorphisms in the vacA gene show a risk effect in the development of severe lesions on the gastric epithelial mucosa; however, these polymorphisms did not show a significant association except for the m1 and i1 variants of the gene. In addition, it was possible to sequence and obtain quality complete genomes of H. pylori isolates using next-generation sequencing techniques, to type a greater number of virulence factors and to determine genetic variants for the integrity of the cagA gene and the vacA gene. There was evidence that the EPIYA-ABCC/vacAs1am1i1d1 genetic variant is related to precancerous lesion, and that the frequency of these isolates was predominant among histopathological diagnoses of intestinal metaplasia. The resistome of H. pylori isolates was typed and allowed characterizing the circulating strains as microorganisms resistant to macrolide and quinolone drugs. In addition, considering limitations in exploring the genotype-phenotype relationship, the viability of the isolated strains of H. pylori is a crucial factor given that the bacterium is a fastidious, slow-growing microorganism that uses a nutritionally demanding microbiological culture, which in samples from a biobank compromises its ability to reactivate and/or obtain sufficient density for molecular studies, not affecting conventional molecular techniques for genotyping short regions of genes but affecting the quality of sequences with greater coverage applied to the study of the complete genome of the microorganism. Finally, both studies provide important evidence of the risk of the presence of molecular virulence factors present in the isolated strains of H. pylori circulating in our environment and their relationship with severe intestinal metaplasia type lesions on the gastric epithelial mucosa of Peruvian patients with symptoms of dyspepsia, and it is suggested that both topics continue to be studied in order to have useful therapeutic information and reduce the cases of gastric cancer in our population.
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