Citas bibligráficas
Blácido, B., (2020). Análisis de riesgos en la industria petrolera: “cálculo de consecuencias en eventos mayores“ [Trabajo de suficiencia profesional, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería]. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14076/21701
Blácido, B., Análisis de riesgos en la industria petrolera: “cálculo de consecuencias en eventos mayores“ [Trabajo de suficiencia profesional]. PE: Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería; 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14076/21701
@misc{renati/711387,
title = "Análisis de riesgos en la industria petrolera: “cálculo de consecuencias en eventos mayores“",
author = "Blácido Collas, Betzabeth Ghiselly",
publisher = "Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería",
year = "2020"
}
The activities developed in the hydrocarbon industry, in all its stages (upstream, midstream and downstream), are prone to face loss of containment events of fluids handled in various operating processes, which are in liquid phase as in gas or steam phase. These events are the result of spills and/or leaks of hydrocarbons contained in process equipment, storage tanks, pipelines, accessories, among others; and it has the potential to cause scenarios or risk events of different measures, that it range from those considered mild (they are in control of the operation) to uncontrollable catastrophes triggered by the “Domino Effect“, whose consequences would spread to different areas or equipment of the facility, which would involve other chemicals or more hydrocarbons. The main causes of risk scenarios in the hydrocarbon industry processes are: the human factor (human errors, due to inadequate or inefficient training to workers) and physicochemical properties of the hydrocarbons involved, which can be highly toxic, reactive, flammable, explosive and even have combinations of these properties. These causes are also compounded by the characteristics of the operations (operating and storage conditions), as well as the configuration and design of the facilities, that create sufficient conditions for the possibility of accidental releases or leaks at any time or stage of the process, and if not properly controlled would trigger a major disaster (OSHA 3132, 2000). Of all these causes, risk events related to aspects of facilities are the least frequent (Alberts, 2013), but when they happen, they have catastrophic consequences that are very difficult to remedy or reverse. The consequences of these events are mainly: damage to facilities, negative damages on the environment, the safety and health of workers and even populations of the areas of influence of operations. This report presents the methodology applied to perform a semi-quantitative risk analysis using consequences modelling to estimate the degree and type of damage caused by major events or higher risk scenarios occurring in the chemical and oil industry, which it will be applied to a case of operations in an oil production battery. The methodology consists: analyzing risk scenarios with the potential to lead to major events that could lead to significant disruptions of normal plant operations (such as: fires, explosions and dispersions of gas or steam clouds), which its results from leakage, spillage or loss of hazardous substances due to failure of engineering and/or administrative controls. Next, the modelling of risk scenarios based on calculations of thermal radiation consequences, which will allow to estimate the unwanted impacts of each risk event involving hydrocarbons to determine the likely areas of impact (to life, property and environment) and safe distances to locate workers, equipment and facilities. In this context, the assessment of the impact on workers, facilities and third parties is based on criteria of damage established in international practices and recommendations (such as maximum thermal radiation levels) in terms of vulnerability consisting essentially of models and studies that correlate the physical consequences of events with the resilience of the human organism or exposed facilities. The modelling of consequences requires solving very complex mathematical calculations, involving process variables (operating and storage conditions), instrumentation, heat transfer, physical-chemical properties and quantities of hazardous substances involved, weather and/or atmospheric conditions of the environment in which the operations are carried out and the damage criteria mentioned. Currently, there are computer programs to solve the calculations (for example, the software EFFECTS 9.0. of TNO (The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research), ARCHIE, ALOHA, PHAST, CANARY, QRA - PRO, SUPERCHEMS, QRAworks, TRACE, DAMAGE, etc.), through which quantitative results are obtained in tabulated or graphic form. The present report uses TNO’s EFFECTS 9.0. software, whose models and results have been internationally validated. These results define the extent of the undesirable effects of the risk scenarios and will make it possible to verify whether there is an adequate distribution of the equipment in plant, considering the minimum distances to avoid that, in case of occurrence of a risk event, the “Domino Effect“ with the potential to provoke catastrophes is triggered. Evaluation also allows a better understanding of the consequences of major events, to incorporate a robust approach to improving decision-making and establishing a reasonably reliable risk reduction or mitigation strategy for the risk management of oil operations.
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