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Pillaca, C., (2018). Aplicación de la teoría de restricciones en la estimación de costos de una red de agua potable [Tesis, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería]. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14076/17921
Pillaca, C., Aplicación de la teoría de restricciones en la estimación de costos de una red de agua potable [Tesis]. : Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería; 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14076/17921
@misc{renati/710126,
title = "Aplicación de la teoría de restricciones en la estimación de costos de una red de agua potable",
author = "Pillaca Sicha, César",
publisher = "Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería",
year = "2018"
}
Título: Aplicación de la teoría de restricciones en la estimación de costos de una red de agua potable
Autor(es): Pillaca Sicha, César
Asesor(es): Ríos Segura, Juan Guillermo
Palabras clave: Teoría de restricciones; Estimación de costos; Elaboración de proyectos; Agua potable
Fecha de publicación: 2018
Institución: Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería
Resumen: A través de los años se ha detectado que las entidades públicas y empresas privadas ligadas al sector de la construcción en su cultura de elaboración de costos de un proyecto, carecen de metodologías o herramientas fiables para desarrollar los estimado de costos, ya que cuando planifican el proyecto, estiman un valor de inversión, que resulta hasta cinco veces menor al valor con que se concluye el proyecto (Hinostroza J., 2016). Por ende, la capacidad de realizar mejores predicciones de costos es fundamental para el desarrollo exitoso del proyecto (Peter E. D. & Love, 2013).
Ante esta situación, surge la necesidad de proponer una nueva metodología de estimar costos, enfocado en la lógica de causa-efecto para identificar la causa raíz de los problemas que conlleva a la mala estimación de costos, donde básicamente se busca minimizar la diferencia entre el costo real y el costo estimado del proyecto. La presente investigación tiene por objetivo demostrar los beneficios que se obtiene al aplicar la Teoría de Restricciones en la estimación de costos, donde se combinan los Fundamentos de la Construcción en Cadena y los principios de la Teoría de Restricciones. La investigación se llevó a cabo, con la estimación del presupuesto base del proyecto de ampliación y mejoramiento de agua potable en la ciudad de Cañete en la etapa de elaboración de expediente técnico, como caso de estudio.
La Teoría de Restricciones desarrollado por Eliyahu Goldratt (1984), busca identificar las diferentes restricciones que surgen durante la etapa de construcción del proyecto; se encontró restricciones que surgen a causa de factores controlables al proyecto y restricciones que surgen a causa de factores no controlables al proyecto, esto debido a la gran incertidumbre que rodea la naturaleza misma del proyecto. Estas restricciones son sometidas a un proceso de mejora continua denominado “los cinco pasos de la focalización”, con la cual se busca eliminar todas las restricciones. Sin embargo, existen restricciones que no se eliminan, la cuales en el desarrollo de la tesis son considerados como riesgos. Un paso fundamental para terminar dentro del costo, tiempo y calidad es eliminar los riesgos. La cual se garantizó con el análisis de cuantificación de riesgos planteado dentro del marco de la gestión de riesgos, con lo que se estimó el costo de contingencia mediante la simulación de un modelo matemático, la cual debe ser considerada por los requerientes del proyecto, para evitar futuros inconvenientes durante el desarrollo del proyecto.
Mientras que el sistema de planeamiento y programación de obra planteado por M.S. Budnikov (1961), plasmada en su libro “Fundamentos de la Construcción en Cadena” en donde el proyecto se considera como un producto industrial, la producción de cual, es modelado en un ciclograma. La producción industrial muestra que el mejor método de su organización es el sistema de la cadena de producción que se diferencia por la uniformidad y continuidad del proceso tecnológico. La continuidad y uniformidad de la producción se expresan con un proceso continuo y consumo uniforme de los recursos laborales y técnico materiales, y también por la calidad del producto terminado de manera continua y uniforme.
En base a ello, la nueva metodología desarrollada para efectos de la tesis se pretende relacionar los diferentes escenarios que podría desencadenar el fracaso del proyecto, pero en base al nivel de planificación desarrollada por la organización, con la finalidad de proteger la continuidad del proceso constructivo y aumentar la confiabilidad de un trabajo continuo. Se debe tener en cuenta que el costo del proyecto es una derivada del sistema de planeamiento de obra. Con el sistema de planeamiento de obra se asegura que cada cadena especializa; proceso simple u operación que tenga la oportunidad de ser ejecutada adecuadamente, en el lugar y momento apropiado, y con los recursos necesarios.
El resultado obtenido demuestra que la nueva metodología propuesta en estimación de costos, en la etapa de elaboración de expediente técnico, aplicado a proyectos de agua potable, ayuda a obtener un presupuesto más aproximado al costo real para el requeriente de la obra, donde además se consideró los costos de contingencia. Se concluye que en la cultura de la elaboración de los presupuestos bases aún existen defectos o vicios ocultos debido a que no se está tomando en consideración las diferentes restricciones que se podrían presentar durante la ejecución del proyecto. Entonces, para tales condiciones, aplicar la Teoría de Restricciones en la estimación de costos en obras de ampliación y mejoramiento del sistema de red de agua potable es factible.
Over the years it has been detected that public entities and prívate companies linked to the construction sector in their culture of elaborating project costs, lack of reliable methodologies or tools to develop cost estimates, since when planning the project, they estimate an investment value, which is up to five times lower than the value at which the project is concluded (Hinostroza J., 2016). Therefore, the ability to make better cost predictions is fundamental to the successful development of the project (Peter E. D. & Love, 2013). In this situation, there is a need to propose a new methodology for estimating costs, focused on the cause-effect logic to identify the root cause of the problems that lead to the poor estimation of costs, where the aim is basically to minimize the difference between the real cost and the estimated cost of the project. The objective of this current research is to demonstrate the benefits obtained by applying the Theory of Restrictions in the estimation of costs, where the Fundamentals of Chain Construction are combined with the principles of the Theory of Restrictions. The investigation was carried out, with the estimation of the base budget of the project of expansion and improvement of drinkable water in the city of Cañete in the stage of preparation of technical file, as a case of study. The Theory of Restrictions developed by Eliyahu Goldratt (1984), looks for identifying the different restrictions which arise during the construction phase of the project; it was found restrictions that arise due to controllable factors to the project and restrictions that arise due to uncontrollable factors to the project, this is because of the great uncertainty surrounding the very nature of the project. These restrictions are undergone to a process of continuous improvement called “the five steps of targeting“, with which it seeks to eliminate all restrictions. However, there are restrictions that are not eliminated, which in the development of the thesis are considered as risks. A fundamental step to finish within cost, time and quality is to eliminate the risks. This was guaranteed with the risk quantification analysis proposed within the framework of risk management, with which the contingency cost was estimated by simulating from a mathematical Abstract model, which should be considered by the project’s requirements, to avoid future problems during the development of the project. While the system of planning and programming of work proposed by M.S. Budnikov (1961), reflected in his book “Fundamentals of Construction in Chain“ where the project is considered as an industrial product, the production of which, is modeled in a cyclogram. The Industrial production shows that the best method of their organization is the chain of the production that is differentiated by the uniformity and continuity of the technological process. The continuity and uniformity of production are expressed through a continuous process and uniform consumption of labor and technical material resources, and also by the quality of the finished product in a continuous and uniform manner. Based on this, the new methodology developed for purposes of the thesis is intended to relate the different scenarios that could trigger the failure of the project, but based on the level of planning developed by the organization, in order to protect the continuity of the construction process and increase the reliability of continuous work. It must be taken into account that the cost of the project is a derivative of the work planning system. With the work planning system, it is ensured that each chain specializes; simple process or operation has the opportunity to be performed properly, in the appropriate place and time, and with the necessary resources. The result obtained shows that the new methodology proposed in cost estimation, in the stage of elaboration of technical file, applied to drinkable water projects, helps to obtain a budget more approximate to the real cost for the request of the work, where it is also considered the contingency costs. It is concluded that in the culture of the preparation of the basic budgets there are still hidden defects or vicious due to the different restrictions that could occur during the performance of the project are not being taken into account. Then, for such conditions, apply the Theory of Restrictions in the estimation of costs in works of extension and improvement of the drinking water network system is feasible.
Over the years it has been detected that public entities and prívate companies linked to the construction sector in their culture of elaborating project costs, lack of reliable methodologies or tools to develop cost estimates, since when planning the project, they estimate an investment value, which is up to five times lower than the value at which the project is concluded (Hinostroza J., 2016). Therefore, the ability to make better cost predictions is fundamental to the successful development of the project (Peter E. D. & Love, 2013). In this situation, there is a need to propose a new methodology for estimating costs, focused on the cause-effect logic to identify the root cause of the problems that lead to the poor estimation of costs, where the aim is basically to minimize the difference between the real cost and the estimated cost of the project. The objective of this current research is to demonstrate the benefits obtained by applying the Theory of Restrictions in the estimation of costs, where the Fundamentals of Chain Construction are combined with the principles of the Theory of Restrictions. The investigation was carried out, with the estimation of the base budget of the project of expansion and improvement of drinkable water in the city of Cañete in the stage of preparation of technical file, as a case of study. The Theory of Restrictions developed by Eliyahu Goldratt (1984), looks for identifying the different restrictions which arise during the construction phase of the project; it was found restrictions that arise due to controllable factors to the project and restrictions that arise due to uncontrollable factors to the project, this is because of the great uncertainty surrounding the very nature of the project. These restrictions are undergone to a process of continuous improvement called “the five steps of targeting“, with which it seeks to eliminate all restrictions. However, there are restrictions that are not eliminated, which in the development of the thesis are considered as risks. A fundamental step to finish within cost, time and quality is to eliminate the risks. This was guaranteed with the risk quantification analysis proposed within the framework of risk management, with which the contingency cost was estimated by simulating from a mathematical Abstract model, which should be considered by the project’s requirements, to avoid future problems during the development of the project. While the system of planning and programming of work proposed by M.S. Budnikov (1961), reflected in his book “Fundamentals of Construction in Chain“ where the project is considered as an industrial product, the production of which, is modeled in a cyclogram. The Industrial production shows that the best method of their organization is the chain of the production that is differentiated by the uniformity and continuity of the technological process. The continuity and uniformity of production are expressed through a continuous process and uniform consumption of labor and technical material resources, and also by the quality of the finished product in a continuous and uniform manner. Based on this, the new methodology developed for purposes of the thesis is intended to relate the different scenarios that could trigger the failure of the project, but based on the level of planning developed by the organization, in order to protect the continuity of the construction process and increase the reliability of continuous work. It must be taken into account that the cost of the project is a derivative of the work planning system. With the work planning system, it is ensured that each chain specializes; simple process or operation has the opportunity to be performed properly, in the appropriate place and time, and with the necessary resources. The result obtained shows that the new methodology proposed in cost estimation, in the stage of elaboration of technical file, applied to drinkable water projects, helps to obtain a budget more approximate to the real cost for the request of the work, where it is also considered the contingency costs. It is concluded that in the culture of the preparation of the basic budgets there are still hidden defects or vicious due to the different restrictions that could occur during the performance of the project are not being taken into account. Then, for such conditions, apply the Theory of Restrictions in the estimation of costs in works of extension and improvement of the drinking water network system is feasible.
Enlace al repositorio: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14076/17921
Disciplina académico-profesional: Ingeniería Civil
Institución que otorga el grado o título: Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil
Grado o título: Ingeniero Civil
Fecha de registro: 15-jun-2019
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