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Roberto, R., (2022). Análisis y propuestas para la promoción de las exploraciones mineras greenfield [Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú]. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/23438
Roberto, R., Análisis y propuestas para la promoción de las exploraciones mineras greenfield []. PE: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú; 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/23438
@mastersthesis{renati/533830,
title = "Análisis y propuestas para la promoción de las exploraciones mineras greenfield",
author = "Roberto Rodriguez, Rafael Eduardo",
publisher = "Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú",
year = "2022"
}
Title: Análisis y propuestas para la promoción de las exploraciones mineras greenfield
Authors(s): Roberto Rodriguez, Rafael Eduardo
Advisor(s): Dammert Lira, Alfredo Juan Carlos
Keywords: Minería--Perú
OCDE field: https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#2.07.05
Issue Date: 27-Sep-2022
Institution: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract: A pesar de que la minería es un pilar de economía peruana, su importancia ha sido y es
un tema de discusión aún vigente, las expectativas de un mejoramiento en la calidad de
vida de las poblaciones locales como consecuencia de la explotación minera parecieran
no ser satisfechas, esto principalmente por una mala administración de los recursos
generados por la industria, sin embargo, como consecuencia del impacto económico de
la crisis sanitaria del 2020 y 2021 y la necesidad de recursos económicos para reactivar
la economía, el debate sobre la importancia de la minería está migrando a como se
distribuyen los beneficios económicos, quienes deben ser los beneficiados y cual es rol
del estado y las empresas mineras en la administración de los recursos que genera la
minería.
La industria minera tiene varias fases, la más conocida es la explotación, ésta es la que
genera la mayor cantidad de recursos. La continuidad de la explotación en el largo plazo
depende de las reservas minerales del país. Otras fases como la prospección y
exploración son dejadas en segundo plano, sin embargo, la importancia de estas etapas
es asegurar la renovación y/o incremento de las reservas minerales. El agotamiento de
nuestras reservas de minerales estratégicos como el oro, plomo y zinc, la reducción
significativa de la inversión minera en exploración de los últimos años y los largos
periodos de maduración de los proyectos de exploración ponen en riesgo los ingresos
del país en el largo plazo.
La metodología de impacto y calidad regulatoria nos permite evaluar el costo-beneficio
presente y futuro de una normativa vigente, asimismo nos ayuda a predecir
cualitativamente los impactos que se generarían con cambios de fondo en la normativa
vigente. En el presente trabajo se plantea la comparación entre dos sistemas de amparo
minero, el vigente basado en producción y un sistema de amparo basado en inversión.
Bajo el amparo minero vigente las inversiones mineras en exploración cayeron desde el
2012 hasta el 2020, la industria minera señalaba como factor clave de esta caída los
excesivos tiempos que les tomaba obtener los títulos habilitantes para el inicio de
actividades de exploración y los esfuerzos del gobierno se centraron en mejorar su
normativa a fin de reducir estos tiempos, cosa que logró con relativo éxito, sin embargo,
esto frenó la caída de las inversiones.
El factor más importante para la llegada de nuevo capital en exploraciones es el acceso
a terreno geológicamente prospectivo, nuestro amparo minero que rige la exploración
está basado en la producción y no considera la inversión en las etapas previas como
2
justificante de conservación de las concesiones mineras, esto permite a las empresas
mineras el acaparamiento de las concesiones sin la necesidad de realizar trabajos de
prospección, exploración o relacionamiento social. Este acaparamiento, en especial de
las concesiones con alto potencial geológico, desalienta el ingreso de nuevos
inversionistas, quienes ante la falta de oportunidades dirigen sus capitales a otros
mercados.
Además, comparando la evolución de la exploración minera en otros países,
encontramos que la inversión en exploración crece en países con un amparo minero
diferente al nuestro, en donde priorizan el trabajo efectivo para la conservación de las
concesiones mineras, esto incluso en países con índices de riesgo país mayor al
nuestro, esto debido a que en minería los inversionistas están dispuestos a asumir
riesgos siempre y cuando tengan la oportunidad de dirigir su capital a terrenos
geológicamente prospectivos.
Si bien la minería es una actividad vital para la economía del país, está basada en la
explotación de recursos no renovables y luego de décadas de explotación se puede
considerar la minería del país como madura, esto significa que mantener o incrementar
nuestras reservas minerales requerirán de una mayor inversión respecto a los países
que tienen su minería en etapa de desarrollo y para el caso de las exploraciones mineras
el acaparamiento de concesiones mineras en áreas con alto potencial geológico estarían
generando un factor artificial que restringe el acceso a terreno prospectables a nuevos
capitales. Para revertir la caída de las inversiones en exploración el estado peruano
debe generar las condiciones en donde los inversionistas puedan acceder a terrenos
prospectivos y para ello debe evitar el acaparamiento, en especial de aquellas
concesiones mineras que no reciben trabajos de prospección o exploración y están
ubicadas en zonas altamente prospectivas.
Although mining is a mainstay of the Peruvian economy, its importance has been, and still is, a topic of discussion. Improvement in the quality of life of local populations as a result of mining activity has not been as expected, this mainly due to poor administration of the resources generated by the industry. However, as a consequence of the economic impact of the 2020 and 2021 health crisis and the need of resources to reactivate economic activity, the discussion on the importance of mining is shifting towards how economic benefits are distributed, who should the beneficiaries be, and what role does the state and mining companies play in the administration of the resources generated by mining. The mining industry has several phases, the best known being exploitation. This phase generates the largest amount of resources and the continuity of exploitation, in the long term, depends on the country's mineral reserves. Other phases, such as prospecting and exploration, are left in the background. However, the importance of these stages is to ensure renewal of and/or increase mineral resources. In the long term, the depletion of reserves of strategic minerals such as gold, lead and zinc, the significant reduction of investment in exploration in recent years, and the long periods of development these exploration projects need, put the country's income at risk. The regulatory impact and quality methodology allows us to evaluate the present and future cost-benefit of current regulations. In addition, they help us to qualitatively predict the impacts that would be generated by substantive changes in the regulations. In the present work, the comparison between two mining protection systems is proposed, the current one based on production and a protection system based on investment. Under the current mining protection, mining investments in exploration fell from 2012 to 2020, the mining industry pointed out as a key factor in this fall the excessive time it took them to obtain the enabling titles for the start of exploration activities and the efforts of the government they focused on improving their regulations in order to reduce these times, which they achieved with relative success, however, this slowed down the fall in investment. The most important factor for the arrival of new capital in explorations is access to geologically prospective land, our mining protection that governs exploration is based on production and does not consider investment in previous stages as proof of conservation of mining concessions, this allows mining companies to monopolize concessions without 4 the need to carry out prospecting, exploration or social relations work. This hoarding, especially of concessions with high geological potential, discourages the entry of new investors, who, due to the lack of opportunities, direct their capital to other markets. Furthermore, comparing the evolution of mining exploration in other countries, we find that investment in exploration grows in countries with a mining protection different from ours, where effective work for the conservation of mining concessions is prioritized, even in countries with indices country risk greater than ours, this because in mining investors are willing to take risks as long as they have the opportunity to direct their capital to geologically prospective land. Although mining is a vital activity for the country's economy, it is based on the production of non-renewable resources and after decades of production the country's mining can be considered mature, this means maintaining or increasing our mineral reserves for a greater investment with respect to countries that have their mining in the development stage and in the case of mining explorations, the hoarding of mining concessions in areas with high geological potential will produce an artificial factor that restricts access to prospective land to new capitals. To reverse the drop in investment in exploration, the Peruvian state must create the conditions in which investors can access prospective land, and for that it must avoid hoarding, especially those mining concessions that do not receive prospecting or exploration work and are located in highly prospective areas.
Although mining is a mainstay of the Peruvian economy, its importance has been, and still is, a topic of discussion. Improvement in the quality of life of local populations as a result of mining activity has not been as expected, this mainly due to poor administration of the resources generated by the industry. However, as a consequence of the economic impact of the 2020 and 2021 health crisis and the need of resources to reactivate economic activity, the discussion on the importance of mining is shifting towards how economic benefits are distributed, who should the beneficiaries be, and what role does the state and mining companies play in the administration of the resources generated by mining. The mining industry has several phases, the best known being exploitation. This phase generates the largest amount of resources and the continuity of exploitation, in the long term, depends on the country's mineral reserves. Other phases, such as prospecting and exploration, are left in the background. However, the importance of these stages is to ensure renewal of and/or increase mineral resources. In the long term, the depletion of reserves of strategic minerals such as gold, lead and zinc, the significant reduction of investment in exploration in recent years, and the long periods of development these exploration projects need, put the country's income at risk. The regulatory impact and quality methodology allows us to evaluate the present and future cost-benefit of current regulations. In addition, they help us to qualitatively predict the impacts that would be generated by substantive changes in the regulations. In the present work, the comparison between two mining protection systems is proposed, the current one based on production and a protection system based on investment. Under the current mining protection, mining investments in exploration fell from 2012 to 2020, the mining industry pointed out as a key factor in this fall the excessive time it took them to obtain the enabling titles for the start of exploration activities and the efforts of the government they focused on improving their regulations in order to reduce these times, which they achieved with relative success, however, this slowed down the fall in investment. The most important factor for the arrival of new capital in explorations is access to geologically prospective land, our mining protection that governs exploration is based on production and does not consider investment in previous stages as proof of conservation of mining concessions, this allows mining companies to monopolize concessions without 4 the need to carry out prospecting, exploration or social relations work. This hoarding, especially of concessions with high geological potential, discourages the entry of new investors, who, due to the lack of opportunities, direct their capital to other markets. Furthermore, comparing the evolution of mining exploration in other countries, we find that investment in exploration grows in countries with a mining protection different from ours, where effective work for the conservation of mining concessions is prioritized, even in countries with indices country risk greater than ours, this because in mining investors are willing to take risks as long as they have the opportunity to direct their capital to geologically prospective land. Although mining is a vital activity for the country's economy, it is based on the production of non-renewable resources and after decades of production the country's mining can be considered mature, this means maintaining or increasing our mineral reserves for a greater investment with respect to countries that have their mining in the development stage and in the case of mining explorations, the hoarding of mining concessions in areas with high geological potential will produce an artificial factor that restricts access to prospective land to new capitals. To reverse the drop in investment in exploration, the Peruvian state must create the conditions in which investors can access prospective land, and for that it must avoid hoarding, especially those mining concessions that do not receive prospecting or exploration work and are located in highly prospective areas.
Link to repository: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/23438
Discipline: Regulación, Gestión y Economía Minera
Grade or title grantor: Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru. Escuela de Posgrado
Grade or title: Magíster en Regulación, Gestión y Economía Minera
Juror: Diaz Lazo, Joel Hulmer; Dammert Lira, Alfredo Juan Carlos; Chavarry Rojas, Hector Adrian
Register date: 27-Sep-2022
This item is licensed under a Creative Commons License