Bibliographic citations
Flores, J., (2022). Tuberculosis pediátrica: evaluación del desempeño de una prueba diagnóstica molecular en muestras bucales para la detección de ADN de Mycobacterium tuberculosis y asociación entre la lactancia materna exclusiva y la tuberculosis activa [Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia]. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12866/13080
Flores, J., Tuberculosis pediátrica: evaluación del desempeño de una prueba diagnóstica molecular en muestras bucales para la detección de ADN de Mycobacterium tuberculosis y asociación entre la lactancia materna exclusiva y la tuberculosis activa []. PE: Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12866/13080
@phdthesis{renati/910590,
title = "Tuberculosis pediátrica: evaluación del desempeño de una prueba diagnóstica molecular en muestras bucales para la detección de ADN de Mycobacterium tuberculosis y asociación entre la lactancia materna exclusiva y la tuberculosis activa",
author = "Flores Tumba, Juan Antonio",
publisher = "Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia",
year = "2022"
}
Introduction: Pediatric tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a poorly studied public health problem, mainly due to the difficulty in identifying and confirming a case of tuberculosis. Confirmation of tuberculosis is usually done by sputum culture. However, in children there are limitations to obtaining this sample due to the difficulty of expectorating, the low bacterial load in the expectoration or the paucibacillarity, and the high frequency of extrapulmonary disease. On the other hand, in children, risk factors associated with the development of tuberculosis are known, such as living with a person with TB, socioeconomic status, overcrowding or poor nutrition. Among the protective factors, the protective role of Vitamin D has been studied and, in addition to the well-known protective role of exclusive breastfeeding on respiratory tract infections or diarrheal diseases in children, it is interesting to open the question of whether exclusive breastfeeding could also be a protective factor against active pulmonary tuberculosis. However, this question has so far not been able to be answered. Currently, faced with the challenges for the global control against tuberculosis, there is a need to improve diagnostic methods in children in order to have timely diagnostic tests and good analytical performance, in addition to exploring factors that can promote protection against tuberculosis, such as the probable role of exclusive breastfeeding to achieve the goals of the strategy to end tuberculosis proposed by the WHO in 2014 and which are also part of the Sustainable Development goals. Research questions: 1) What is the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for the detection of DNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in buccal samples from children under 15 years old?; 2) What is the level of association between exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life and pediatric tuberculosis in children between 6 and 59 months of age? Methods: After collecting information from 628 children under 15 years of age who had a history of having contact with an adult with tuberculosis in a primary observational study called DETECT-children, the data were analyzed. In the first investigation, of a proof-of-concept nature, buccal swabs collected with the OmniSwab and EasiCollect devices were collected from children under 15 years of age. In those samples, MTB DNA was amplified using RT-PCR with an optimized method. The sensitivity of RT-PCR was calculated with TB cases (confirmed with microbiological culture and clinically diagnosed) and the specificity of RT-PCR was evaluated in samples from children without evidence of TB. In the second exploratory study, the association between exclusive breastfeeding and active pulmonary tuberculosis in children between 6 and 59 months of age was analyzed using a generalized linear model with log link, binomial distribution and robust variance; a priori and known confounders were included, where the presence of effect modifiers was also explored in two post hoc analyses, one considering age strata from 6 to 23 months versus 24 to 59 months and the second considering strata based on whether the mother was or was not the index TB contact. Results: In the first investigation, 288 children were included. The sensitivity of RT-PCR was 21% (95% CI = 7%-42%) in the 24 culture-confirmed TB cases and 4.6% (95% CI = 1%-13%) in the 65 clinically diagnosed cases with culture negative. Sensitivity was higher in positive Ziehl-Neelsen smears. Specificity was 99% (95% CI = 96%-100%) in the 199 controls included. Regarding the type of collection of the buccal samples, no significant difference was found in the sensitivity of the test. In the second investigation, 279 children were included, 22% of the children were diagnosed with tuberculosis and 72% were exclusively breastfed, no evidence was found that exclusive breastfeeding was associated with active tuberculosis in both the bivariate analysis ([PR] = 1.5; 95% CI = 0.8–2.5) or multivariate analysis after adjusting for sex and socioeconomic index ([aPR] = 2.1; 95% CI = 0.9–4.9). In the first post hoc analysis stratified by age, it was found that exclusively breastfed infants had a higher risk of presenting TB in the younger age group compared to the older group, but they were not significant ([aPR] = 2.2; 95% CI = 0.8-5.8 vs [aPR ] = 1.3; 95% CI = 0.6-2.5, respectively) and in the second post hoc analysis stratified according to whether the mother is the index contact or not, it was found that those exclusively breastfed had a higher risk, but not significant, of presenting TB when the mother was the index contact ( [aPR] = 2.1, 95% CI = 0.9-4.9 vs [aPR] = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.6-2.4, respectively). Despite this, the interaction terms in the multiplicative scale were not significant (p=0.390 and 0.380 respectively). Conclusions: MTB DNA was able to be detected in the oral samples of children under 15 years of age with tuberculosis using two oral collection methods; Despite obtaining lower sensitivities than those reported with other molecular methods that use different types of samples and populations, the sensitivity reported in this real-time PCR is similar to that reported with an automated molecular method in a similar population and sample type. On the other hand, no evidence was found for a protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding on pulmonary tuberculosis in children. In addition, after exploring effect modifiers such as the age of the child and when the mother is the index case, there was no evidence of a modifying effect on the association between exclusive breastfeeding and the development of pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Considering some validation limitations in the measurement of exclusive breastfeeding and tuberculosis diagnosis, the results of exploring this association should be interpreted with caution and studies that overcome these limitations would be necessary for a clearer conclusion. Finally, both studies add important evidence in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children and the exploration of the effects that exclusive breastfeeding may have on the development of tuberculosis, where both topics deserve further study to achieve the reduction of tuberculosis cases in children.
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