Bibliographic citations
Hoyos, C., (2023). Elementos tóxicos en aguas y sedimentos de dos fuentes termales en la región Ayacucho: As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Al y Fe [Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú]. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/26645
Hoyos, C., Elementos tóxicos en aguas y sedimentos de dos fuentes termales en la región Ayacucho: As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Al y Fe []. PE: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú; 2023. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/26645
@misc{renati/538762,
title = "Elementos tóxicos en aguas y sedimentos de dos fuentes termales en la región Ayacucho: As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Al y Fe",
author = "Hoyos Fiorentini, Carlos Andrés",
publisher = "Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú",
year = "2023"
}
The Pachapupum and Cceronta hot springs are located in the Ayacucho region. Pachapupum is a concentric formation of calcareous material, located in the province of Huanca Sancos, and the hot springs were formed naturally. The Cceronta hot springs are an abandoned tourist attraction, located in the district and province of Lucanas. Local residents and visitors often take advantage of these hot springs as a spa and apply mud plasters, a traditional practice that represents a latent danger related to exposure to toxic elements such as As, Hg, Cd and Pb, common in this type of environments. Regardless of the route of absorption, they can lead to health problems due to the inability of the human body to metabolize high concentrations of these chemical elements. Under the existing conditions in both hot springs and seeking to contribute to the wellbeing of the Ayacucho population, the levels of As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Al and Fe environmentally available in water and sediment were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), both by the flame method (Pb, Cd, Al and Fe) and by the hydride generation method (As and Hg). The acid extraction method was implemented for the sediment samples. It was sought to determine if the levels of these elements in the thermal pools imply a potential risk to the health of the users of these natural resources. Likewise, it is expected to deliver this chemical information to the residents of both towns so that they can consider a better management of the use of the hot springs by bathers. From the results obtained, the most relevant finding was the high concentration of arsenic in both hot springs. The most contaminated one is Cceronta, with a concentration of 4,185 ± 0,056 mg As/L of water and 252,130 ± 4,498 mg As/kg of dry sediment, whereas for Pachapupum, a concentration of 0,890 ± 0,012 mg As/L of water and 273,552 ± 4,693 mg As/kg of dry sediment was determined. These values exceed the standards established by ATSDR, as cardiovascular and hepatic problems are reported from values of 0,014 mg As/kg. Hence, it is recommended that the local authorities responsible implement a management system, establishing the duration and frequency of users' contact with the water and sediment of the hot springs to prevent health hazards for those using them. Regarding Pb levels, higher levels than the national environmental quality standards for water (Supreme Decree No. 004-2017-MINAM) were detected in the Pachapupum hot spring waters (0,127 ± 0,005 mg/L), whereas in Cceronta, values were below detection limits and national standards (<0,048 mg/L). Elevated levels of mercury were detected in Cceronta's sediment (0,698 ± 0,021 mg/kg) according to Canadian legal framework, which is used as a reference due to its stricter levels compared to other international standards and its specificity regarding limit effects and probable effects. Cadmium concentrations were found below detection limits in both Pachapupum (<0,032 mg/L) and Cceronta (<0,032 mg/L) hot spring waters. Concerning sediment levels, both in Pachapupum (4,052 ± 0,058 mg/kg) and Cceronta (1,828 ± 0,045 mg/kg), they suggest the possibility of adverse effects according to Canadian quality standards. Lastly, very high levels of Fe and Al were detected in both Pachapupum and Cceronta, with higher concentrations in the sediment matrix, explained by the terrain's geology. In Cceronta, 1701,096 ± 6,385 mg/kg of Fe and 1052,015 ± 32,890 mg/kg of Al were detected in the sediment, whereas in Pachapupum, 5249,216 ± 14,199 mg/kg of Fe and 5612,616 ± 130,405 mg/kg of Al were detected in the sediment. Based on the results obtained in this research, it is recommended not to use these water resources for recreational use, and even less for ingestion, especially due to the high levels of arsenic which can generate problems to the user’s health, such as skin, respiratory and digestive conditions.
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