Estudio del perfil lipídico y tejido cardiovascular en ratas alimentadas con grasa “light“

Abstract

OBJETIVO:Determinar los efectos deletéreos de los ácidos grasos constituyentes del aceite y/o grasa denominada comercialmente “Light“ sobre el perfil lipídico y tejido cardiovascular de ratas albinas sometidas a dietas con requerimientos normales durante 45 días de experimentación.

MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se trabajó con 30 ratas machos de 21 días de edad, de raza Wistar, distribuidas en tres grupos. Se les proporcionó dietas con energía y proteínas de acuerdo a sus requerimientos durante 45 días. El primer grupo recibió como fuente de ácidos grasos los provenientes de Aceite Vegetal de Cocina (dieta A), el segundo grupo Aceite Vegetal de Cocina denominada “Light” (dieta B) y el tercer grupo Margarina Vegetal denominada “Light” (dieta C).

RESULTADOS: Se registró un incremento de peso en los tres grupos y hubo diferencias significativas en la composición corporal (p<0.05) en el grupo alimentado con Margarina Vegetal “Light” (dieta C) comparados con los otros dos grupos (dietas A y B). En los animales alimentados con ácidos grasos constituyentes de la Margarina “Light“ (Dieta C) se encontró histológicamente en las fibras musculares una reducción de los paquetes musculares en relación con los otros grupos de animales, presentando significancia estadística (p<0.01), de igual forma se presentó disminución de la capa media (compuesta de músculo liso) y luz de la arteria con significancia estadística (p<0.01). En relación a los componentes del perfil lipídico, en los animales alimentados con la dieta A (Colesterol Total, Triglicéridos, Colesterol HDL, Colesterol LDL y Colesterol VLDL), también se presentaron cambios con significancia estadística (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONES: Ratas alimentadas con dietas que incluían ácidos grasos provenientes de la grasa tipo Margarina Vegetal “Light” (Dieta C), presentaron trastornos en la composición corporal, variaciones en el perfil lipídico, con discreto foco degenerativo y reducción del paquete muscular cardíaco.

Palabras Claves: Aceite ‘light’. Margarina “Light”. Aceite de cocina 'light'.

--- OBJECTIVE: To determine the deleterious effect of fatty acids included in commercially called ‘light’ oil and/or fats upon the lipid profile and cardiovascular tissue in albino rats who received diet complying with the normal requirement during 45 days.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out the trial in 30 male Wistar rats aged 21 days old. The animals were divided in three groups. They received a diet complying with energy and protein requirements during 45 days. The first group received vegetable cooking oil (diet A) as a source of fatty acids, the second group received ‘light’ cooking vegetable oil (diet B), and the third group received ‘light’ vegetable margarine (diet C).

RESULTS: Weight gain was observed in the three groups, and there were significant differences in the body composition (p<0.05) in the group of animals receiving ‘light’ vegetable margarine (diet C), compared with the other two groups (diets A and B). Histological studies in the animals that received fatty acids included in ‘light’ margarine (diet C) there was a reduction in muscle bundles compared to the other groups, with statistical significance (p<0.01), and also there was a reduction in the media layer (with smooth muscle) and in the arterial lumen, also with statistical significance (p<0.01). With respect to the lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL-LDL-, and VLDL-cholesterol), the animals that received diet A also had statistically significant changes (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: Rats fed with diets containing fatty acids derived from ‘light’ vegetable margarine (diet C) had changes in their body composition, in the lipid profile, and mild degenerative changes and a reduction in cardiac muscle mass.

Keywords: ‘Light’ oil. ‘Light’ margarine. ‘Light’ cooking oil