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Ugaz, J., (2019). Gran corrupción y derechos humanos [Tesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú]. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/13363
Ugaz, J., Gran corrupción y derechos humanos [Tesis]. PE: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú; 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/13363
@mastersthesis{renati/23645,
title = "Gran corrupción y derechos humanos",
author = "Ugaz Sánchez-Moreno, José Carlos",
publisher = "Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú",
year = "2019"
}
Title: Gran corrupción y derechos humanos
Authors(s): Ugaz Sánchez-Moreno, José Carlos
Advisor(s): Albán Peralta, Walter Jorge
Keywords: Derechos humanos--América Latina; Corrupción--Leyes y legislación--América Latina; Corrupción política--Cooperacion internacional
OCDE field: https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#5.05.01
Issue Date: 29-Jan-2019
Institution: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Abstract: En esta tesis “Gran corrupción y derechos humanos”, pretendemos reflexionar sobre la
corrupción como fenómeno sistémico de gran envergadura que ocurre desde el poder.
Este es típico de nuestros tiempos y se denomina gran corrupción. Además, buscamos
determinar si existe una diferencia cualitativa entre ésta y la corrupción tradicional,
regular o de menor escala. Aunque no existe consenso en cómo definir la corrupción y
pese a que algunas voces minoritarias señalan que tiene efectos positivos en la
economía, la corriente mayoritaria la caracteriza como un fenómeno negativo. La
corrupción es concebida como un abuso de poder para obtener un beneficio personal a
costa del bien común.
Luego de analizar las características de la gran corrupción (autores con poder político o
económico, movilización de grandes cantidades de recursos e impacto en los derechos
ciudadanos), concluimos que se trata de un fenómeno cualitativamente distinto al de la
corrupción regular. Se diferencian por el factor social, es decir, el impacto en los
derechos fundamentales de quienes padecen sus consecuencias. La gran corrupción
afecta de manera particular a los sectores más vulnerables de la sociedad porque
incrementa la pobreza y la inequidad. Ello limita o niega el goce de derechos, como la
vida, la salud, la educación o el acceso a vivienda digna.
Aclarada la primera interrogante, buscamos establecer si la gran corrupción constituye
una violación a los derechos humanos. De ser el caso, indagamos si es posible recurrir a
mecanismos judiciales o del sistema internacional derechos humanos para identificar a
los autores, sancionar a los responsables y reparar a las víctimas. Para ello, partimos por
señalar que los Estados tienen la obligación de respetar, proteger y satisfacer los
derechos humanos Este deber de cuidado puede ser infringido por acción u omisión
debido a prácticas corruptas de gran envergadura. Cuando los Estados incumplen esta
obligación, ellos y los actores individuales incurren en responsabilidad legal, exigible
por quienes se ven afectados en sus derechos.
Entendida la gran corrupción en clave de derechos humanos, es factible recurrir a los
sistemas de derechos humanos - universal o regional - para emplazar y sancionar al
Estado, buscar una remediación del daño y solicitar medidas cautelares para el cese de prácticas de corrupción o impunidad. Dada la lesividad de estas, planteamos que no es
necesario acreditar un daño específico ni una intención dirigida a generar la violación.
En esos casos, basta acreditar el potencial dañoso de la acción y que los responsables
hayan podido representarse el resultado, atendiendo a la grave naturaleza de su
proceder.
Finalmente, la gran corrupción reviste suma gran gravedad y complejidad en América
Latina. Esto se evidencia en casos de nivel regional, como Lava Jato, y nacional, como
las redes de corrupción en el sistema forestal en Perú. Ambos han sido incluidos en la
presente tesis para una mejor comprensión del problema. Debido a casos como esos,
concluimos con la propuesta de crear un Relator Especial que, en el marco de la OEA,
evalúe la situación de afectación de los derechos humanos como consecuencia de
prácticas corruptas y proponga soluciones sistémicas.
In this thesis “Grand corruption and human rights”, we intend to reflect on the existence of corruption as a systemic phenomenon of great magnitude happening from power. It is typical of our times and it is named grand corruption. Also, we look for determining if there is a substantial difference between grand corruption and the traditional, regular or petit corruption. Even though there is no consensus about how to define corruption, and despite that some minority voices point that it could have some positive effects for the economy, in general, the majority explain it as a negative phenomenon. Corruption is conceived as case of abuse of power to obtain a personal benefit at the cost of the common good. After analyzing the features of grand corruption (authors with political or economic power, mobilization of immense amounts of resources and impact in the citizens’ rights), we conclude that it is a qualitatively different phenomenon compared to regular corruption. They differ because of the social factor, meaning, the impact on the human rights of these who suffer its consequences. Grand corruption affects in a special way the most vulnerable sectors of society. It increases poverty and inequality, limiting or denying the enjoyment of fundamental rights like the right to life, education and access to decent housing. Once this first question is responded, we intend to establish if this type of corruption of power constitutes a violation of human rights, and if so, if it is possible to use the judicial mechanisms of those from the human rights system to identify the authors, sanction the responsible and compensate the victims. The States have the obligation to respect, protect and satisfy human rights. This obligation can be violated by action or omission due to corrupt practices of significant entity. When the States do not comply with this obligation, they and the individual actors incur in legal liability that can be demanded by those whose fundamental rights have been affected. Grand corruption, understood in human rights key, can be challenged in the human rights system - regional or universal - to sanction the State, seek remediation of the damages and request precautionary measures to cease practices of corruption or impunity. We propose, attending the harmfulness of these actions, that it is not necessary to demonstrate a concrete damage nor an intention directed to generate the violation. It is enough to demonstrate the potential harmfulness of the action and that the responsible were able to represent the result in their minds due to the serious nature of their conduct. Finally, grand corruption is a very complex and serious problem in Latin America as demonstrated by cases of regional level, such as Lava Jato, and national level, such as the corrupt networks in the forestry system in Peru. Both as been included in this thesis for a better comprehension of the problem. Because cases like these, we propose the appointment of a Special Rapporteur in the framework of the OAS in order to evaluate the impact of corruption in human rights and develop systemic solutions.
In this thesis “Grand corruption and human rights”, we intend to reflect on the existence of corruption as a systemic phenomenon of great magnitude happening from power. It is typical of our times and it is named grand corruption. Also, we look for determining if there is a substantial difference between grand corruption and the traditional, regular or petit corruption. Even though there is no consensus about how to define corruption, and despite that some minority voices point that it could have some positive effects for the economy, in general, the majority explain it as a negative phenomenon. Corruption is conceived as case of abuse of power to obtain a personal benefit at the cost of the common good. After analyzing the features of grand corruption (authors with political or economic power, mobilization of immense amounts of resources and impact in the citizens’ rights), we conclude that it is a qualitatively different phenomenon compared to regular corruption. They differ because of the social factor, meaning, the impact on the human rights of these who suffer its consequences. Grand corruption affects in a special way the most vulnerable sectors of society. It increases poverty and inequality, limiting or denying the enjoyment of fundamental rights like the right to life, education and access to decent housing. Once this first question is responded, we intend to establish if this type of corruption of power constitutes a violation of human rights, and if so, if it is possible to use the judicial mechanisms of those from the human rights system to identify the authors, sanction the responsible and compensate the victims. The States have the obligation to respect, protect and satisfy human rights. This obligation can be violated by action or omission due to corrupt practices of significant entity. When the States do not comply with this obligation, they and the individual actors incur in legal liability that can be demanded by those whose fundamental rights have been affected. Grand corruption, understood in human rights key, can be challenged in the human rights system - regional or universal - to sanction the State, seek remediation of the damages and request precautionary measures to cease practices of corruption or impunity. We propose, attending the harmfulness of these actions, that it is not necessary to demonstrate a concrete damage nor an intention directed to generate the violation. It is enough to demonstrate the potential harmfulness of the action and that the responsible were able to represent the result in their minds due to the serious nature of their conduct. Finally, grand corruption is a very complex and serious problem in Latin America as demonstrated by cases of regional level, such as Lava Jato, and national level, such as the corrupt networks in the forestry system in Peru. Both as been included in this thesis for a better comprehension of the problem. Because cases like these, we propose the appointment of a Special Rapporteur in the framework of the OAS in order to evaluate the impact of corruption in human rights and develop systemic solutions.
Link to repository: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/13363
Discipline: Investigación Jurídica
Grade or title grantor: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Escuela de Posgrado
Grade or title: Maestro en Investigación Jurídica
Register date: 29-Jan-2019
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