Factores asociados a anemia ferropénica en niños de 2 a 5 años en 3 centros de atención primaria Cusco, 2018.

Abstract

Antecedentes: En los primeros años se desarrolla la estructura básica del cerebro, a los 0-36 meses se genera más 700 conexiones neuronales por segundo y a partir de los 5 años se genera una eliminación de ellas, debido a esto la anemia puede causar alteraciones cognoscitivas, motoras y conductuales. En el 2017 la anemia en el Perú en niños menores de 5 años alcanzo el 33.3% y en cusco el 46.8%. El objetivo será Determinar Factores asociados a anemia en niños de 2 a 5 años en 3 centros de atención primaria Cusco, 2018. Métodos: se realizara un estudio de tipo descriptivo, casos y controles, el diseño del estudio será no experimental, de tipo observacional con componente analítico, prospectivo. Con un tamaño de muestra es 208 niños de los cuales 104 casos y 104 controles. Resultados: la prevalencia de niños de 2 a 5 años en los tres establecimientos de salud corresponde a un 49.8%. Dentro de los factores de riesgo se encontró embarazo en extremos de la vida (<19 y >35 años) (OR= 3.75, P = 0.000), grado de instrucción primaria (OR= 11.85, P=0.000), anemia gestacional (OR= 24.52, P=0.000), nivel socioeconómico medio bajo/estrato obrero (OR= 10.25, P = 0.000), no consumo de sulfato ferroso a partir del primer trimestre (OR=18.19, P=0.000), bajo peso al nacer (OR=14.71, P = 0.001), prematuridad (OR=8.58, P=0.017), tener menos de 21 controles (OR=13.83, P = 0.000), no consumo de multimicronuntrientes (chispitas) (OR=2.97, P =0.000), desnutrición global (OR=5.67, P=0.003), peso normal en riesgo (OR=2.06, P=0.021), desnutrición crónica y crónica severa (OR=5.19, P=0.000). En cuanto a la lactancia complementaria e inicio de ablactancia menor a los 6 meses no se encontró significancia estadística. Son factores protectores consumo de sulfato ferro (OR=0.24, P=0.000), consumo semanal de soya obtuvo (OR=0.17, P=0.025), consumo diario de huevo (OR=0.08, P=0.0001), consumo semanal de carne (OR=0.42, P=0.003). Conclusiones: De un total de 208 niños entre casos y controles en los tres establecimientos de salud durante el año 2018 se obtuvo 49.8%, superior al ofrecido por el ENDES en la ciudad del cusco en 46.1%.

Background: In the first years the basic structure of the brain is developed, at 0-36 months, more than 700 neuronal connections are generated per second and after 5 years, a deletion of them is generated, due to this anemia can cause cognitive alterations , motor and behavioral. In 2017, anemia in Peru in children under 5 years of age reached 33.3% and in Cusco 46.8%. The objective will be to determine factors associated with anemia in children from 2 to 5 years in 3 primary care centers Cusco, 2018. Methods: a descriptive study, cases and controls will be carried out, the design of the study will be non-experimental, of observational type with analytical, prospective component. With a sample size it is 208 children of which 104 cases and 104 controls. Results: the prevalence of children from 2 to 5 years in the three health establishments corresponds to 49.8%. Among the risk factors, pregnancy was found at the extremes of life (<19 and> 35 years) (OR = 3.75, P = 0.000), primary education grade (OR = 11.85, P = 0.000), gestational anemia (OR = 24.52, P = 0.000), medium low socioeconomic level / worker stratum (OR = 10.25, P = 0.000), no ferrous sulfate consumption from the first quarter (OR = 18.19, P = 0.000), low birth weight ( OR = 14.71, P = 0.001), prematurity (OR = 8.58, P = 0.017), having less than 21 controls (OR = 13.83, P = 0.000), no multimicronutrient consumption (sparks) (OR = 2.97, P = 0.000 ), global malnutrition (OR = 5.67, P = 0.003), normal weight at risk (OR = 2.06, P = 0.021), severe chronic and chronic malnutrition (OR = 5.19, P = 0.000). Regarding complementary breastfeeding and initiation of ablation less than 6 months, no statistical significance was found. Protective factors are ferrous sulfate consumption (OR = 0.24, P = 0.000), weekly consumption of soybean obtained (OR = 0.17, P = 0.025), daily egg consumption (OR = 0.08, P = 0.0001), weekly consumption of meat (OR = 0.42, P = 0.003). Conclusions: Of a total of 208 children between cases and controls in the three health facilities during the year 2018, 49.8% was obtained, higher than that offered by the ENDES in the city of Cusco in 46.1%.