Bibliographic citations
Quino, G., Laureano, B. (2022). Incidencias de la Normativa (UE) N°488/2014 referida a la presencia de los niveles máximos de cadmio en la producción y exportación de cacao en polvo (1805.00.00.00) y chocolate (1806.20.90.00) en el departamento de Lima al mercado de la Unión Europea durante el periodo 2019 – 2021 [Tesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC)]. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/667783
Quino, G., Laureano, B. Incidencias de la Normativa (UE) N°488/2014 referida a la presencia de los niveles máximos de cadmio en la producción y exportación de cacao en polvo (1805.00.00.00) y chocolate (1806.20.90.00) en el departamento de Lima al mercado de la Unión Europea durante el periodo 2019 – 2021 [Tesis]. PE: Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC); 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/667783
@misc{sunedu/3403833,
title = "Incidencias de la Normativa (UE) N°488/2014 referida a la presencia de los niveles máximos de cadmio en la producción y exportación de cacao en polvo (1805.00.00.00) y chocolate (1806.20.90.00) en el departamento de Lima al mercado de la Unión Europea durante el periodo 2019 – 2021",
author = "Laureano Benites, Bryams Hassley",
publisher = "Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC)",
year = "2022"
}
Peruvian cocoa has grown in production levels in recent years. This product occupies an important place in the export basket of the domestic market due to its nutritional value, which has generated a high demand in international markets, and because of this, there is a growing trend in the marketing of cocoa and derivatives such as cocoa powder and chocolate. However, there is a regulation that has had a direct impact on exports of both products mentioned above. The European Union (EU) created regulation N°488/2014 that came into force on January 1, 2019, which aims to regulate the maximum cadmium content in different food products with the objective of protecting the public health of European consumers. This has affected the exporting countries of the product, being considered as a limiting factor for the export of cocoa powder and chocolate. Those affected are countries belonging to Latin America and the Caribbean, such as Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Peru, Dominican Republic, Mexico, among others. Given that their soil has high levels of cadmium, the planted fruit absorbs this heavy metal and at the time of harvesting and processing the fruit, the latter already contains this contaminant in its morphological structure, and according to EU regulations, for market entry, the stipulated limit must be respected. In that sense, the objective of this research is to know the consequences on the production and export of these products from Peru when this regulation is implemented by the European Union towards cocoa powder with tariff item 1805.00.00.00 and chocolate with tariff item 1806.20.90.00 during the period 2019-2021. A qualitative approach with grounded theory was used for this purpose. Several interviews were conducted, with a total of 16 interviewees, including exporting companies, associations and cocoa cooperatives in the Peruvian market that are being affected by this regulation. As a result, it was validated through the Atlas.Ti program that the implementation of this regulation has had a negative impact on cocoa powder and chocolate exports during the period 2019-2021, which generated additional high costs, loss of merchandise, price reduction, reduced traceability of the product offered, among others. Finally, in this study it was found that cadmium is caused by natural and anthropogenic sources, and because of this, many companies have sought alternatives to mitigate cadmium to export to the European Union, but its informality causes distrust of the international buyer, therefore, future purchases are no longer agreed and this incidence is explained in the study. The study also found a lack of support from Peruvian government institutions, which are responsible for supporting these cocoa entities to contribute to the competitiveness of the cocoa powder and chocolate export ecosystem. This will provide the necessary recommendations to the actors interviewed as well as to future researchers.
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